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Bhitarkanika National Park: A Unique Mangrove Ecosystem

2 days ago3 min read

Bhitarkanika National Park (BNP) in Odisha is facing environmental challenges as rising temperatures cause migratory birds to leave the region. This biodiversity hotspot is known for its mangrove ecosystem, diverse wildlife, and unique ecological phenomena. Understanding its significance is vital for both conservation efforts and competitive exams like the UPSC Civil Services Examination.


About Bhitarkanika National Park (BNP)

  1. Ecosystem:

    • BNP is India’s second-largest mangrove ecosystem, after the Sundarbans.

    • It plays a crucial role in maintaining coastal biodiversity and protecting against erosion and cyclones.

  2. Geographical Features:

    • Formed by an intricate network of creeks and canals.

    • Fed by Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra, and Patasala rivers, making it a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.


Flora and Fauna

  1. Saltwater Crocodiles:

    • BNP holds India’s largest population of endangered Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus).

    • It is home to Kaalia, one of the world’s largest estuarine crocodiles.

  2. Olive Ridley Turtles:

    • The Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, adjacent to BNP, is a critical nesting site for Olive Ridley sea turtles.

    • These turtles undertake an annual mass nesting (arribada) on Odisha’s coasts.

  3. Other Species:

    • Migratory birds such as Asian Openbills, Pelicans, and Egrets visit BNP during winter months.

    • Home to 8 species of Kingfishers, deer, hyenas, wild boars, and jackals.


Unique Phenomenon: Bagagahana

  • Bagagahana, or the heronry, is a fascinating natural event where thousands of birds nest along the Surajpore creek.

  • During the mating season, birds perform spectacular aerial displays before settling in the mangroves.

  • This phenomenon reflects the ecological richness and breeding ground importance of BNP.


Environmental Concerns

  1. Impact of Rising Temperatures:

    • Higher temperatures are causing a decline in migratory bird populations.

    • Climate change affects the wetland habitat, disrupting bird nesting and food availability.

  2. Conservation Challenges:

    • Human encroachment and aquaculture threaten the mangroves.

    • Pollution from industrial activities impacts the aquatic ecosystem.


Significance of Bhitarkanika National Park

  1. Ecological Importance:

    • Acts as a natural barrier against coastal erosion and cyclones.

    • Supports rare and endangered species, crucial for biodiversity conservation.

  2. Cultural and Economic Value:

    • Provides livelihoods through eco-tourism and fishing.

    • Recognized under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international importance.

  3. Policy and Governance:

    • Odisha Forest Department and Wildlife Institute of India monitor and protect the park.

    • Strict conservation regulations aim to preserve its unique ecosystem.


Comparing Bhitarkanika with Sundarbans

Feature

Bhitarkanika National Park

Sundarbans

Ecosystem Rank

2nd Largest Mangrove Ecosystem

1st Largest Mangrove Ecosystem

Location

Odisha, Eastern India

West Bengal, Eastern India

Key Species

Saltwater Crocodiles, Olive Ridley Turtles

Royal Bengal Tigers, Estuarine Crocodiles

UNESCO Status

Ramsar Site

UNESCO World Heritage Site


Conservation Initiatives

  1. Crocodile Conservation Program:

    • Launched in the 1970s to protect Saltwater Crocodiles from extinction.

  2. Eco-Tourism Development:

    • Promotes sustainable tourism while preserving natural habitats.

  3. Community Involvement:

    • Local communities play a key role in mangrove restoration and wildlife monitoring.


Way Forward

  1. Strengthen Climate Resilience:

    • Implement adaptive strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change.

  2. Policy Implementation:

    • Enforce conservation laws and regulate commercial activities.

  3. Public Awareness:

    • Promote environmental education to highlight the park’s global importance.


UPSC Prelims Question

Q: Consider the following statements regarding Bhitarkanika National Park (BNP):

  1. It is India’s largest mangrove ecosystem.

  2. It is fed by the Brahmani, Baitarani, Dhamra, and Patasala rivers.

  3. It is a critical nesting site for Olive Ridley turtles.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, and 3


UPSC Mains Question

Q. Discuss the ecological and socio-economic significance of Bhitarkanika National Park. What are the major threats it faces, and suggest measures for its conservation?

(GS Paper 3 – Environment & Ecology)


 
 
 

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